"Bending of EM waves around an object or barrier" describes what propagation effect?

The bending of electromagnetic (EM) waves around an object or barrier is known as diffraction. This phenomenon occurs when waves encounter an obstacle or a slit that is comparable in size to their wavelength. Instead of traveling in straight lines, the waves spread out and can even propagate into the shadow of the barrier, which cannot be similarly achieved through other processes like reflection or refraction.

Diffraction is particularly important in the context of electronic warfare and communication, as it can significantly influence how signals propagate in complex environments, such as urban settings with various buildings. Understanding diffraction helps in predicting signal behavior and designing systems for effective communication and surveillance. This concept is fundamental in various applications, including antenna design, radar system operation, and understanding the coverage area of wireless signals.