What are the dominant effect and frequency range for a surface wave?

The dominant effect associated with a surface wave is diffraction, which occurs as the wave interacts with the contours of the earth's surface or other obstacles, allowing it to propagate along those surfaces. Surface waves are particularly effective at lower frequency ranges, typically from about 30 kHz to 300 kHz.

In this frequency range, surface waves exhibit minimal attenuation and can carry signals over considerable distances by bending around obstacles and following the curvature of the Earth. This is crucial in electronic warfare communications, where maintaining signal integrity across varied terrain is essential.

The characteristics of the surface wave, primarily diffraction within this specific frequency range, enable it to be utilized effectively in military and strategic communications, helping to enhance the operational capabilities of forces in the field.